唐静长难句
尽量译主干
修饰层层加
尽量译主干:
●划竖线，断开结构
●看动词，瞻前顾后
●译主干，稳定分数
翻译强化
考研翻译考试要点+ 听课重点
翻译的考试要点
1.考查学生对单词的理解和翻译，包括专有名词、词组、多义词的翻译。
land community
陆地生物群落，陆生群落
举例：
Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would
eat us up if birds failed to control them. （2010 年 46 题，25 words）
to the effect that:大意是说。
例如：He left a note to the effect that he would not be returning. 他留下一张字条, 大意是说他
不回来了。
life
school 学派,学校
schooling 学校教育
with some distinctly shaky evidence
副词 + 形容词
以-ly 结尾的副词+形容词的话，一般表程度，大多数可以翻译为“非常、极其、很”。
-ly 副词+形容词：非常、很
(2003, 63)makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
非常重要的
(2004, 63)were often so strikingly different from
熟词生义
生词
2.考查学生对复杂英语句子结构的理解和翻译，包括：定语从句，状语从句，被动结构等等。
举例：
Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would
eat us up if birds failed to control them. （2010 年 46 题，25 words）
Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence.
科学家赶紧出来挽救这种局面，使用明显站不住脚的证据
科学家使用明显站不住脚的证据，赶紧出来挽救这种局面。
举例：
to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
证据的大意是说：昆虫会把我们吃光，如果鸟类不能控制它们。
证据的大意是说：如果鸟类不能控制昆虫，昆虫就会把我们给吃光。
翻译听课重点(考研翻译的听课重点)
1.单词：
本意是什么？在这句话中怎么翻译？为什么要这样翻译？
2.英语句子结构：
这句话的主干是什么？更细节一点，某一个单词的词性是什么？它充当什么成分？修饰谁？
主句在哪？从句在哪？什么从句？这个句子有某一个语法难点结构吗？
3.翻译中汉语的顺序：
汉语句子的顺序是否和英语一致？怎么调整通顺的？
复习捷径+掌握句子
翻译复习捷径
弄清每一个单词，掌握好每一个句子，重复性比较大！
掌握句子
复习，不断复习！
看英语，说汉语——翻译思维训练
我讲，你记，再看着英语，说汉语；
你说，我讲，再看着英语，说汉语；
你直接说汉语答案
I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.(0850)
“做”翻译
（0546）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed, and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in recent events in Europe.
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.
(注:定语从句的先行词不能跨越谓语动词)
定语从句的翻译-主要表现和特殊表现
主要表现：
名词(名词性代词 those, some, all 等)+that, which, who, whom, whose,
Space and oceans are the new world that scientists are trying to explore.
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.
他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
Those who have never tasted what is bitter do not know what is sweet.
没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
The boys whose names were called stood up.
叫道名字的男孩们站了起来。
特殊表现 1：
名词+省略引导词（直接跟了一个从句）
I collected some books you don’t have.
I collected some books (that) you don’t have
我收藏了一些你没有的书。
I just met a lady I saw last week.
I just met a lady (whom) I saw last week.
我刚遇到一位女士，上周我见过她。
特殊表现 2：
时间名词+when
He told us the date when he would finish his work.
He would leave Beijing when he finished his work.
He told us the date when he would finish his work.
他告诉了我们他将要完成任务的时间。
He would leave Beijing when he finished his work.
当他完成工作，他就会离开北京。
特殊表现 3：
地点名词+where
She’s going home where she can rest.
她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
（1049）In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason.
（1348）The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’ t exist or was not discernible as such.
特殊表现 4：
reason+why
That’s one of the reason (why) I ask you to come.
这就是我请你来的原因之一。
（1446）It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
特殊表现 5：
as 引导定语从句
主要有：the same... as..., such...as..., as...as..., so...as...等as 引导的限定性定语从句。
American speak the same language as is spoken in Great Britain. 美国人说的跟英国人说的是同一种语言。
Don't read such books as you can't understand. 不要看那些你看不懂的书。
I am ready to answer as many questions as you may raise.
我愿意回答你们可能提出的所有问题。
as 引导定语从句
as 也可以引导非限定定语从句，as 在从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语。The Great Wall, as we all know, is one of the eight wonders on the earth.
众所周知的长城是地球上的八大奇迹之一。
He was late, as is often the case.
他迟到了，这是经常的事情了。
As has been said before, grammar is not a set of dead rule. 正如以往所说，语法不是一套死规则。
（1650）As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.
特殊表现 6：
介词+which/whom
This is the book for which you asked. 这就是你要的书。
=This is the book (which) you asked for.
I don’t know the person with whom you talked just now. 我不认识刚和你说话的那个人。
=I don’t know the person whom you talked with just now.
定语从句的翻译-前置讲解
前置。即：把定语从句翻译到它所修饰的先行词前，并常常用“的”来连接。
4 个例子
例 1
(2003, 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus
subjecting all other life forms(生命形态) to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
|
the environment in which they live前置翻译:他们所居住的环境 |
①Subject
subject to①使遭受②使,服从
名词：对象,学科,科目,
动词：使服从
形容词： subject to sth 容易怎么样
②peculiar
Languages are peculiar to humans.
例 2
(2004, 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
oblige
be obliged to sb.感谢，感激
be obliged to do sth.被迫做…
I’m much obliged to you for helping us.
我非常感激你我们帮助
I was obliged to abandon that idea.
我被迫放弃哪个想法
Obligate 强迫
be obligated to do sth.：有责任做…
He felt obligated to help.他觉得他有责任去帮助
obligation
前果后因，用“之所以…是因为…”的句型。
some of these 其中一些
lost
lose
loss
at a loss 茫然,不知所措
take a loss 亏本
例 3
(2006, 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
|
human problems which involve moral judgment,前置翻译:包含道德判断的人类问题 |
more than+动词，名词：不仅仅，不只是
more than+形容词，副词：非常，很
reflection
reflect
trees reflected in a lake：湖中树的倒影
reflect
How much you‘re paid reflects how important you are to the company you work for reflect on/upon：
He had time to reflect on his successes and failures.
对...有观点
例 4
(2011, 46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.
|
assumption we all share 前置翻译:我们都认同的假设 |
Allen
人名地名等专有名词
遵照习惯
按照音译
万不得已，抄英语
Clinton
克林顿
客淋炖
Galileo 伽利略
Greeks 希腊
Old Continent 欧洲大陆
Socratic 苏格拉底
Darwin 达尔文
Darwinism
Beethoven贝多芬
Pearson
Tylor
Whorf
Allen
Boas and Sapir
博阿思，鲍，斯，
萨，撒，
萨丕尔，
皮
沙
Joshua Greenberg
Chomsky 乔姆斯基
英语二出现的人名地名等
Ted Ning
Boulder agency
Silicon Valley 硅谷
Britain, Canada, Australia
Broadway
复杂的同位语从句，后置的话，可以用“即”来表达。
erroneous
error
errorless
精读、翻译练习中记单词，最好把这个单词的多义（常见的多义）、词组、用法、派生都搞
清楚。
小结：
如果定语从句结构简单，信息负载量比较小(5个单词左右)，翻译的时候，前置。
前置把定语从句翻译到它所修饰的先行词前，并常常用“的”来连接。
定语从句-后置讲解
定语从句：后置,后置重复先行词
条件：
如果定语从句结构复杂，前置太冗长，翻译不通顺
怎么后置？5 个例子
例 1
(1997, 71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which is something(省略了that) the world does not have.
事实上，它不是；因为它…（ 不通顺 × ）,如果不会翻译,找不到指代,可以翻译成事实上并非如此
account:看法,认识
which指的account ,看法,不是指human rights,因为which后面是单数,
which is something the world does not have. 这种一致认识其实并不存在
|
代词所指 在考研翻译中，碰到代词 1.可以直接对应为汉语代词试试，前提是译文要通顺。 2.如果不通顺，则需要指代明确，尽可能地用指代到的名词翻译。这时，需要往前看，根据“就近和一致原则”来确定。 "就近"指离得进的名词,"一致"指逻辑上一致,语法上单复数. 3.万不得已，可以直接用“这，这种情况、这种说法、这种观点”等来翻译。 一般有个逗号","末尾有个ing(一般表结果,目的) 1.直接对应——适合第一、二人称 2.指代明确——第三称代词，要小心 3.用“这种情况/观点/说法”等——It, This, That
|
（0361）Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
（0462）We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
常考动词
assume,假设
believe,相信
assert,断言
claim, 宣称,disclaim 否认
maintain,维持,保持主张
accept, 接受
contend, 坚持说(认为)
argue,辩论说
prove,证明,证实
validate, 证明,证实有效
demonstrate, 证明,
state 陈诉
point out, 指出
be convinced that…相信,确信
There be 句型
人们（我们、大家）对…有…
例 2
(2001, 73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
work 成果 produce calendar 编制日历
latest最新的 发生在过去,如latest news 最新消息,已经发生了最晚的(发生在将来)
翻译中单词的意思是由上下文决定的，一旦我们发现直接翻译不通顺，就一定要关注上下文，并且适当用一些同义词替换，或者适当引申一下。
同义替换，适当引申
Don’t move.
不许动！
Share prices moved ahead today.
股票价格今日上扬。
The story of their sufferings moved us deeply.
他们的苦难经历深深打动了我们。
Work on the new building is moving quickly.
新大楼的工程进展得很快。
pieced together
the work
produce
a unique millennium technology calendar
the latest dates
(2001, 73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百位研究成果的编制一个独特的技术千年历,这个千年历给出了我们能够期待看到数百项重要突破和发现将要发生的最晚日期.
例 3
(2001, 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
There be 句型的翻译
1.首先翻译英语中的状语，再加“有”。
2.增加“人们、大家、我们”等汉语的泛指主语。
3.直接用动词“有、出现、存在”等开头。
and 并列前面 there will be 还会有小汽车
例 4
(2005, 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
alone 后置定语修饰前面名词
The shoes alone cost me 1000 Yuan.
along修饰shoes 后置定语,
仅仅是一双鞋花了我一千元
a fact 充当同位语成分
television business 电视产业
out of 翻译成:在
数字
Out of 10 students, 1 will be successful.
在10个学生中,有一个会成功
the better part of decade (9875)
七八年
fortnight 两周, fortnightly半月刊
score 二十
four score and seven years ago 87年前
put two and two together 根据事实得出结论
(2005, 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
仅仅这一点的证明了,在电视行业生存并不容易,统计数据也强调这个事实,统计数据表明在80家欧洲电视网络中有不少于50%在1980年出现了亏损。
例 5
(2003, 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
拆分
划竖线，断开句子
拆分大原则：
1.拆出主句，分清从句
2.拆出主干，分清修饰
拆分小原则：
1.连词，2.引导词，3.介词，4.分词，5.to，6.标点符号，7.不要把单个单词拆分出来。
拆分（划竖线）的目的：
最好拆开四个或两个句子(好给分).
重合考点，提高分数
intellectual：智力的，知识的；知识分子
intellect：智力，理解力；有高智慧的人
intelligence：智力，智慧；情报
intelligent：聪明的，有才智的
enquiry
inquiry
colour=color enquiry=inquiry
inquiry 是名词形式
inquire 是动词形式
询问
探索，研究，探究
acquire
require
定语从句后置，一般要重复先行词；如果找不到先行词，可以用代词：
它
他
这。
reason
名词用：原因 动词用：推理
reasoned：理性的
reasonable：合理的
reasoning：推理；推理的
(2003, 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and
their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural
scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
which先行词是social science ,
后置翻译 ,社会科学试图依一种…
小结：
如果定语从句结构复杂，信息负载量大，翻译的时候，后置；这时，可以和前面的主句分开，
另起一句话，有时候需要重复先行词，或者用代词来重复。
第一部分考点复习
前置，例 1
(2003, 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus
subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
例 2
(2004, 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the
peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
例 3
(2006, 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little
or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
例 4
(2011, 46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not
robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.
后置，例 1
(1997, 71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,
which is something the world does not have.
例 2
(2001, 73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to
produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect
hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
例 3
(2001, 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors
that will disable them when they offend.
例 4
(2005, 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a
fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than
50% took a loss in 1989.
例 5
(2003, 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and
their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural
scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these
tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more
probably to the moral character.(0850)
“做”翻译
（0546）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed, and
perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in recent
events in Europe.
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the
activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.
翻译的考试要点
举例：
Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would
eat us up if birds failed to control them. （2010 年 46 题，25 words）
特点是在翻译中的位置很灵活，不太容易构成翻译的难点，但是，是重点。
六大状从！
1.时间状语从句的翻译
主要表现：
when（当...的时候），
whenever（每当...），
as（当...时），
while（在…期间，正当…的时候）
since（自从...），
It has been more than two years since we parted last time.（since 引导从句）自从…
She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper.（since 单个副词作状语） 从此以后
before（在...前），after（在...后），
I have met him before.（before 单个副词作状语）
once（一旦...），
until, till（直到...才，如果不.... ），引导从句,主句动作终结
as soon as（一...就），
特殊表现：
the moment, the minute（一...就），
immediately, every time（一...就），
no sooner... than（一...就），
hardly(scarcely)... when（一...就）
翻译方法：一般翻译到主句之前。
(2001, 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, /and cars with pollution monitors//
that will disable them// when they offend.
(2004, 61) The Greeks assumed //that the structure of language had some connection with the
process of thought, //which took root in Europe //long before people realized how diverse languages
could be.
2.原因状语从句的翻译
主要表现：
because（因为），since（既然，由于），as（因为），now that（既然），
特殊表现：
seeing that, considering that,in view of the fact that（既然，考虑到，因为，鉴于），
Seeing (that) all the guests have come here，let’s have dinner．
既然客人都来了，我们吃饭吧。
in that（因为，原因在于），
These two areas are similar in that they both have a high rainfall
during this season.
这两个地区之所以相似，是因为在这个季节降雨量都很高。
翻译方法：一般需要把原因状语从句翻译到主句之前，构成“前因后果”的顺序；如果原因
太长，有时候也可以采用“之所以…是因为”。
(2004, 62) We are obliged to them //because some of these languages have since vanished, //as the
peoples /who spoke them died out /or became assimilated/ and lost their native languages.
(2002, 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change //partly because the explanatory items
often seem to be directly observed and //partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard
to find.
(2009, 49) Since our chief business with them is //to enable them to share in a common life //we cannot help considering /whether or no we are forming the powers// which will secure this ability.
chief business:them指代年轻人,所以翻译成主要任务
share in a common life
在共同生活中分享
在共同生活中懂得分享；
cannot help doing sth.
禁不住/情不自禁做某事
forming the powers
正在形成这种力量；具有了这种力量
secure
形容词
feel secure about one‘s future 对自己的前途无忧无虑
have a secure job in the Civil Service 在政府部门有一份稳定的工作
动词
Secure all the doors and windows before leaving. 要把所有门窗关好再出门。
We’ll need to secure a bank loan. 我们需要获得银行贷款。
secure this ability
确保这种能力，使他们获得这种能力
原因状语（短语）
because of 因为,由于
on account of因为,由于
due to因为,由于
thanks to 因为,由于
attribute to因为,由于
owing to因为,由于
for the reason…因为,由于
as a result of因为,由于
(2000, 73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants //and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, //while governments are often
forced //to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
mass 大多数
mass communications, 大众通讯,
being exposed to 面对,接受
be forced to 不得不
3.让步状语从句的翻译
主要表现：
though（虽然），
although（虽然），
even if（即使），
while（尽管），
whatever（无论什么），
wherever（无论哪里），
whoever（无论谁），
however（无论怎样）
whichever(无论哪一个)
特殊表现：
no matter（不论，不管），
for all that（尽管），
She was strong，for all (that) she was so small．
她身体强壮，却很瘦小。
in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that（尽管）
翻译：前用“虽然”，后用“但是”。从句一般翻译到主句前面。但如果英语从句在主句后面，
可以直接顺译，用“然而，但是”等词来翻译。
(2000, 73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants //and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, //while governments are often forced //to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
(2007, 50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, //it is preferable for journalists to// rely on their own notions of significance //and make their own judgments.
stories是不报导,不是故事,因为后面新闻记者
notion 概念，观念; 价值观
it is preferable for journalists to：
it is +形容词+ for sb. to do sth.
4.形式主语的翻译方法
主语翻译方法
1）置于句首，用“…的是，…”的句型。
2）先翻译真正的主语部分，用“…，这是…的”的句型。
It is important for me to master translation.
5.条件状语从句的翻译
主要表现：
if（如果），
unless（除非，如果不），
I will not go to the party unless I’m invited.
如果他们不邀请我，我不会去参加舞会的。
特殊表现：
providing that, granting that, supposing that（如果，假如），
provided that, granted that, given that, suppose that, （如果，假如，假定）
Suppose it will rain tomorrow , what shall we do? 假如明天下雨，怎么办？
Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业.
on condition that（如果，只要），
I’ll let you go on condition that you never waste money．只要你不乱花钱，我就让你去。
as long as, so long as（如果，只要），
As long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.
只要你一直坚持努力，你肯定会成功。
only, only that, only if（只要，只有），
I would do it with pleasure，only l am not too busy.
只要我不是太忙，我乐意干这项工作。
if only（但愿，要是...就好了）
翻译方法：翻译到主句前是最佳位置。
(2010, 46) Scientists jumped to the rescue /with some distinctly shaky evidence //to the effect //that insects would eat us up //if birds failed to control them.
(1998, 74) If the small hot spots look as expected, //that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, //a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
6.目的状从的翻译
主要表现：so that（为了，以便），lest（以防），in case（以防，以免），for fear that（以防），
in order that（为了）
翻译方法：前用“为了”，后用“以免”。
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
为了不惊醒她，他轻轻推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。
翻译方法：前用“为了”，后用“以免”。
He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.
他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。
(阅读真题 2001 年第 5 篇第 8 句)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their
dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
confess //v.
1 ~ (to sth/doing sth); ~ (sth) (to sb) 承认（错误、罪行等），供认，坦白
She finally confessed (to having stolen the money). 她最後招认了（偷了那笔钱）。
结果状从的翻译
主要表现：so...that, such...that, to such a degree that，
to such an extent that
翻译方法：“结果是…，如此...以致于...”，直接翻译。
(75) And home appliances will also become so smart //that controlling and operating them will result in the //breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.
home appliances 家用电器
kitchen rage 厨房狂躁症
第二部分考点复习
前置，例 1
(2003, 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus
subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
例 2
(2004, 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the
peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
例 3
(2006, 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little
or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
例 4
(2011, 46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not
robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.
后置，例 1
(1997, 71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,
which is something the world does not have.
例 2
(2001, 73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to
produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect
hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
例 3
(2001, 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors
that will disable them when they offend.
例 4
(2005, 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a
fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than
50% took a loss in 1989.
例 5
(2003, 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and
their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural
scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these
tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more
probably to the moral character.(0850)
“做”翻译
（0546）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed, and
perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in recent
events in Europe.
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the
activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.
翻译的考试要点
举例：
Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would
eat us up if birds failed to control them. （2010 年 46 题，25 words）
时间状语从句的翻译
(2001, 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, /and cars with pollution monitors//
that will disable them// when they offend.
(2004, 61) The Greeks assumed //that the structure of language had some connection with the
process of thought, //which took root in Europe //long before people realized how diverse languages
could be.
原因状语从句的翻译
(2002, 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change //partly because the explanatory items
often seem to be directly observed and //partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard
to find.
(2009, 49) Since our chief business with them is //to enable them to share in a common life //we
cannot help considering /whether or no we are forming the powers// which will secure this ability.
(2000, 73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants //and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, //while governments are often
forced //to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
让步状语从句的翻译
(2000, 73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants //and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, //while governments are often
forced //to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
(2007, 50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, //it is preferable for
journalists to// rely on their own notions of significance //and make their own judgments.
条件状语从句的翻译
(1998, 74) If the small hot spots look as expected, //that will be a triumph for yet another scientific
idea, //a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
目的状从的翻译
(阅读真题 2001 年第 5 篇第 8 句)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their
dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
结果状从的翻译
(75) And home appliances will also become so smart //that controlling and operating them will result
in the //breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.
被动结构
被动结构的标志：be+V-ed
基本原则：英语多用被动，汉语多用主动
翻译方法两种：
1）汉语用主动 2）汉语仍保留被动
主动翻译
1.主语不变，省略“被”字
The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.
会议定于四月六日举行。
Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.
水能从液体变成固体。
(2002, 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change //partly because the explanatory items
often seem to be directly observed //and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard
to find.
(1999, 73)During this transfer, /traditional historical methods were augmented by additional
methodologies /designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
2.主宾颠倒，用 by, in 等介词后面的动作执行者充当主语
She was given a new pen by her father.
她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。
Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.
我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。
(1997, 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: //it invites you to think that animals should be treated //either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, //or with no consideration at all.
注意构词法：
outset =set out
outbreak=break out
outburst=burst out
(2007, 46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed /in such institutions as the special preserve
of lawyers, //rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
view…as…
take…as…
regard…as…
define…as…
preserve:
果脯，果酱：strawberry preverse
专门供私人打猎捕鱼的保护区
activities, interests, etc regarded as belonging to a particular person：某人所特有的活动或者爱
好：
She regards negotiating prices with customers as her special preserve. 她把与顾客侃价作当自己
的专长。
3.翻译为汉语的判断句，用“是…的”这样的结构翻译。
被动态的表现形式：be + V-ed
是 + 的
This school was founded by Lao YU.
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。是…的
(1998, 72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, /first put
forward in the 1920s, /to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
4.用“我们…，有人….，人们….，大家…”等泛指主语，或者增加“这”等词充当主语
The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.
人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。
She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.
有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。
增加主语
(2009, 50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.
被动翻译
使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。
Problems should be resolved in good time.
问题应及时加以解决。
(2002, 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated /only a little more than a
hundred years ago, //and the selective role of the environment /in shaping and maintaining the
behavior of the individual / is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
(1997, 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: //it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in
action, //an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
练习时间规划：20--30 分钟/天，1 个长难句
1.做翻译——5 分钟
2.改译文——10 分钟以上
分析结构
查阅词典
替换汉语
改变词序
《考研英语拆分与组合翻译法》第四章，相应句子
只看“拆分”和“单词讲解”
先练结构
再查词典
替换汉语
改变词序
3.对答案，分析错误——10 分钟以上
大意是否相同？
修饰是否正确？
语言是否通顺？
用词是否恰当？
参考《考研英语拆分与组合翻译法》第四章相应的句子
“组合”部分
错误分析：单词错：生词？多义词？结构错：主干弄错了？修饰看错了？哪个词导致的？
4.记结果——5 分钟
记住核心动词、常考名词、漂亮形容词和副词
记住句型结构和它的翻译顺序
看英语，说汉语
看汉语，默写英语
决定，决定之后就不会害怕！
谢谢！
划竖线
目的：初步断开句子结构，化繁为简
怎样划竖线：
拆出主句，分清从句；拆出主干，分清修饰。
找断句点：连词、引导词、介词、分词、to、标点符号。
拆分（划竖线）的目的：重合考点，提高分数
(03, 62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
(03, 62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry //which seeks to study humans and their endeavors //in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner //that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
(03, 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
(03, 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, //makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
(03, 64)Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(03, 64)Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole //which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, /and any other capabilities and habits //acquired by man as a member of society.”
(03, 65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
(03, 65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” //like the concept of “set” in mathematics,
//is an abstract concept //which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
看30秒后划线,写汉字
①划竖线
时间控制：30 秒钟左右
②写汉字
目的：初步了解小结构的意思
以每两道划竖线之间的小结构为单位，写下汉字。
写汉字 时间控制：2 分钟左右
③连句子
目的：把每两个小节连接为通顺的句子，这时候，需要
1）把一些不通顺的词语替换掉
2）或者适当的调整顺序。调整顺序的本源是依据英语的结构和修饰关系；改变汉语词语的
本源是依据英语的基本词义和上下文意义。
连句子时间控制：2 分钟左右
④读译文
目的：检查译文是否准确、是否通顺。
1）看中文与英文的主干大概意思是否吻合；
2）看中文与英文的修饰关系是否吻合；
3）把中文译文当做汉语病句，修改一下，不要改变中文意思。
读译文 时间控制：30 秒钟左右
(03, 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective
//brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, //makes this study a unique and distinctly
important social science.
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,
1）强调
对…的强调
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,
强调 数据
对数据 的强调
强调数据 搜集
对数据搜集的强调
强调数据 搜集第一手
对数据 搜集第一手 的强调
强调数据 搜集第一手 —— 强调搜集第一手数据
对 数据 搜集第一手 的强调 ——对搜集第一手数据的强调
—— 强调搜集第一手数据
——对搜集第一手数据的强调
词性转换：把英语的名词翻译成汉语的动词
(03, 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective
//brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, //makes this study a unique and distinctly
important social science.
combined with a cross-cultural perspective
2）结合，加上 coupled with
加上 一种 跨文化
加上 一种 跨文化观点——加上一种跨文化观点
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,
1） —— 强调搜集第一手数据
combined with a cross-cultural perspective
2） ——加上一种跨文化观点
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective
1+2）—— 强调搜集第一手数据，加上一种跨文化观点
(03, 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective
//brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, //makes this study a unique and distinctly
important social science.
brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,
3）被带到…去
被带到 分析 去
——被带到分析…中去
增词法：增加词，使句子更通顺，绝对不要改变意思
——被带到 分析 文化 中去
——被带到 对文化的分析 中去
——被带到 分析过去和现在的文化中去
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective
1+2）—— 强调搜集第一手数据，加上一种跨文化观点
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to
the analysis of cultures past and present,
2）+3）——加上一种跨文化观点
——被带到分析过去和现在文化中去
//combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,
2）+3）——加上一种跨文化的观点被带到分析过去和现在的文化中去（减词法）
——加上一种跨文化的观点分析过去和现在的文化
——加上使用一种跨文化的观点去分析过去和现在的文化（增词法）
2）+3）——加上使用一种跨文化的观点去分析过去和现在的文化
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to
the analysis of cultures past and present,
2）+3）——加上一种跨文化观点
——被带到分析过去和现在文化中去
//combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,
2）+3）——加上一种跨文化的观点被带到分析过去和现在的文化中去
——………………………………………..观点被带到分析…中去——在分析中采用的观点
——加上在分析过去和现在文化中采用一种跨文化观点
//combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,
2）+3）——加上在分析过去和现在文化中采用一种跨文化观点
——加上使用一种跨文化的观点去分析过去和现在的文化
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to
the analysis of cultures past and present,
1）+2）+3）强调搜集第一手数据，加上使用一种跨文化的观点去分析过去和现在的文化，
（加上在分析过去和现在文化中采用一种跨文化观点）
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to
the analysis of cultures past and present,
1）+2）+3）强调搜集第一手数据，加上使用一种跨文化的观点视角去分析过去和现在的文
化，（加上在分析过去和现在文化中采用一种跨文化观点视角）观点换成视角
(03,63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective
//brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, //makes this study a unique and distinctly
important social science.
makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
4）使得
使得 这一研究
使得 这一研究 一门独特而又非常重要的社会科学
使得 这一研究成为一门独特而又非常重要的社会科学（增词法）
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, //combined with a cross-cultural perspective //brought to
the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social
science
1）+2）+3）+4）强调搜集第一手数据，加上使用一种跨文化的观点视角去分析过去和现在
的文化（加上在分析过去和现在文化中采用一种跨文化观点视角），使得这一研究成为一门
独特而又非常重要的社会科学。
翻译解题四步策略
翻译步骤
划竖线
写汉字
连句子
读译文
(02,64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and
they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit
for his achievements.
(02,64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, //and
they are essential to practices //in which a person is held responsible for his conduct //and given
credit for his achievements.
1.初次翻译：准确理解英语，用第一思维想到的汉语，写下来，越贴近原文最好。
2.方法一：同义替换，找一些相同的说法来替换第一译文，千万不要改变意思。
3.方法二：可以适当引申，增减，重复，用四字成语，照顾上下文的节奏和韵律。
技巧的作用:可以让句子准确、通顺
技巧一：词义选择，适当引申
He left home at 16.
他 16 岁就离开了家。
The tiger’s home is in the jungle.
老虎生活在丛林里.
New homes are for sale.
新房出售。
Greece is the home of democracy.
希腊是民主的发祥地。
light：
This light is too poor to read by.
这光线太暗不能看书。（名词）
Aluminum is a light metal.
铝是一种轻金属。（形容词）
Will you light the fire for me?
你替我点上火好吗？（动词）
Share prices moved ahead today.
股票价格今日上扬。
The story of their sufferings moved us deeply.
他们的苦难经历深深打动了我们。
Work on the new building is moving quickly.
新大楼的工程进展得很快。
They’ve moved into a bigger office in London.
他们已经搬到伦敦的一所更大的办公室去了。
技巧二：适当增加(不改变句子的意思)
Day after day he came to his work –sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。
This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这台打字机真是价廉物美。
They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.
他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。
技巧三：适当减少
I put my hand into my pocket.
我把手放进口袋。
She listened to me with her rounded eyes.
她睁大双眼，听我说话。
As it is late, you had better go home. （省略表示原因的连接词）
时间不早了，你最好回家去吧。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind? （省略表示条件的连接词）
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
If I had known it, I would not have joined in to. （省略表示条件的连接词）
早知如此，我就不参加了。
技巧四：适当重复
We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。
我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。
Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.
上大学的，上大学了；下乡的，下乡了。（有的上大学了，有的下乡了。）
技巧五：词性转换
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.
仔细研究原文，你会翻译得更好。
A lot of my classmates are good singers.
我很多同学唱歌唱得好。
I am anxious about his health.
我担心他的身体健康。
The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.
她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。
技巧六：四字成语
These statements may seem so commonplace that they may be hardly worth making.
译文 a：这些声明似乎太平常了，几乎不值得发表。
译文 b：这些说法似乎是老生常谈，不值一提。
Money may not be the root of all evil, but if it keeps us at night, it has become too important in our
lives.
译文 a：钱也许并不是所有罪恶的根源，但如果它使我们整个晚上睡不着觉，那我们就将它
看得过重了。
译文 b：钱也许并不是万恶之源，但要是使我们夜不能寐，那我们就将它看得过重了。
The buildings rise straight into the blue sky on either side of New York streets.
译文 a. 纽约街道两旁的建筑一直上升到蓝蓝的天空。
译文 b. 纽约街道两旁的建筑高耸入云，直指蓝天。
技巧巩固
例 1
(74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the
beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human
before the end of the next century.”
(74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:// “It will be the
beginning of the long process of integration //that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human
//before the end of the next century.”
start of man-machine integration：人机一体化的开始
the beginning of the long process of integration：一体化漫长过程的开始——漫长过程的开端，
漫漫长路的第一步
lead to a fully electronic human：导致完全电子人——导致完全电子人的产生，导致完全电子
人的出现
例 2
(08,46) he opines (命题专家改写为 believes) that this very difficulty may have had the
compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus
enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations, or in those of others.(命题
专家把 or 后面这个短语删除了)
考研命题要符合大纲
句子长短的控制
单词超纲与否的控制
是否是“通识”内容
(08,47)He protested（命题专家改写为 asserts）, also, that his power to follow a long and purely
abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have
succeeded with metaphysics or (命题专家把这两个词删除了)mathematics.
(14,48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity (原文为 intense
crescendo) and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by
composers before him.
例 2
(08,46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing
him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in
reasoning and in his own observations.
(08,46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage //of forcing
him to think long and intently about every sentence, //and thus enabling him to detect errors //in
reasoning and in his own observations.
this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage：正是这个困难具有一种
补偿性的优势
——这个困难反而具有了一种优势….，这刚好使他能够扬长避短。
——这个困难，使他不得不…，结果这反而成为了他的优点。
forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence：
使他能够长时间专注地思考每一个句子
使他能够长时间专注地思考每一句话
使他不得不对自己要说的每一句话进行长时间专注的思考
使他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考
如何修改译文
1.初次翻译：准确理解英语，用第一思维想到的汉语，写下来，越贴近原文最好。
2.方法一：同义替换，找一些相同的说法来替换第一译文，千万不要改变意思。
3.方法二：可以适当引申，增减，重复，用四字成语，照顾上下文的节奏和韵律。
短语作定语的翻译
(01,71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that
will disable them when they offend.
1.分词短语（现在分词：-ing；过去分词：-ed），4 个例子
2.不定式短语，1 个例子
3.形容词短语，1 个例子
4.介词短语，2 个例子
分词短语：例 1
(00,75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems
arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern
means of transport.
(00,75)Additional social stresses may also occur //because of the population explosion or problems
//arising from mass migration movements—//themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern
means of transport.
arising修饰 problems 不能修饰人口爆炸
mass migration movements 大量移民迁移
Themselves 修饰大量人口流动
arise from…;
give rise to…;
result from…;
result in…
depend on…;
rely on…;
rest upon… 取决于,依靠,依赖
mass
movement←move；migration←migrate
migrate: to move from one place to another
词典：精读文章或者句子的时候，最好看看单词的英文解释，一般可以看看英汉双解词典：
牛津高阶双解词典，朗文高级双解词典。
标点符号不是考点：
1.直接套用、 《》
2.一逗到底
一逗到底，多点逗号。
例 2
(98,73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne
instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
(98,73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne
instruments //are closing in on such structures, //and may report their findings soon.
astro-; astronaut, 宇航员; astrology; astronomy
detector; detective; detect
Ground-based detector at the South Pole
形容词作定语 名词 介词短语作定语
以通顺为原则，一般是从后往前翻，一层一层追加修饰。
A of B
B of C
A of B of C C的B的A
(97,72)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange
of duties and entitlements.
ground-based
合成词形式的专业术语
按照两个词各自的本意翻译，把中文直接组合在一起即可。
ground-based=based on the ground：以地面为基础的
陆基
balloon-borne 球载
borne，born
bear bore born (borne)
球载
例 3
(01,72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built
personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-
television, and digital age will have arrived.
(01,72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, //computers with in-built
personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, //relaxation will be in front of smell-
television, //and digital age will have arrived.
合成词形式的专业术语：直接合成中文意思
in-built
smell-television
Relaxation will be in front of smell-television
休闲将在气味电视机前
在气味电视机前休闲
增词法：在翻译中，如果中文缺少主语，有时候可以增加“人们、大家、我们”等汉语的泛
指主语。
增词法：时态的翻译
表进行：正在、正
表过去：了、过去、往常、已经、过
表将来：将、会、将要、要、就会，就要
and digital age will have arrived
数字时态就将要到来了
到了将来的那个时候，数字时代就到来了
届时，数字时代就会来临。
例 4
(03,64)Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law,
custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(03,64)Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole //which includes belief, art, morals, law,
custom, and any other capabilities and habits //acquired by man as a member of society.”
泰勒把文化定义为一个由人作为社会成员所获得的包含了信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗、以及其他能力和习惯的复杂的整体。
错误,最多0.5分
泰勒把文化定义为“它是一个包含了信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗、以及作为社会成员的人所获得的其他能力和习惯的综合体”。
最多1.5分
泰勒把文化定义为一个复杂的整体，它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗、以及其他能力和习惯，这些是由人作为社会成员所获得的。
满分
不定式短语：例 1
Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope
on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. (1994
年 74)
Galileo’s greatest glory was //that in 1609 he was the first person //to turn the newly invented
telescope on the heavens //to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the
Earth. (1994 年 74)
形容词短语：例 1
(99,74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical
work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
(99,74)There is no agreement //whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical
work in general //or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical
inquiry.
指
重复法：
把并列结构中，相同的部分重复出来，译文显得会很通顺，还有节奏感。
technique, technology：
技术、技巧、方法、研究方法
介词短语:例 1
（00,71）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence
the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
（00,71）Under modern conditions, //this requires varying measures of centralized control //and
hence the help of specialized scientists //such as economists and operational research experts.
measure
vary
varying
various
variety
例 2
(06,47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in
as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
(06,47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, //who must accept the obligation //of revealing
in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning //which led him to his decision.
be analogous to 与…类似
be similar to 与..类似
be parallel to 与..类似,与….平行
短语作定语
短语作定语，一般翻译在中心词前；但如果短语修饰语太长，或者这个短语具有明显的动作
特征，可以直接翻译在中心词后面。
形式主语
1.可以当成词组，翻译到句子最开头，用“据…”，“有人…”，“…的是”等结构翻译。
It is reported that…
It is taken that…
It is important that…
2.可以先翻译后面部分，再加“这是…的”。这种结构最适合 It is + 形容词 +that…结构。
It is hoped that... 希望，有人希望
It is assumed that... 假设，假定
It is claimed that...据说，有人主张
It is believed that... 有人相信，大家相信
It is reported that... 据报道，据通报
It is considered that... 人们认为，据估计
It is said that... 据说，有人说
It may be said that…可以这样说，
It is supposed that... 据推测，人们猜测
It has been announced that... 已经宣布
It is asserted that... 有人主张
It is rumored that... 听说，谣传
It is suggested that... 有人建议，建议
It is reputed that... 人们认为，可以认为
It is learned that... 据说，据闻，已经查明
It is demonstrated that... 据证实，已经证明
It is estimated that... 据估计，有人估计
It is pointed out that... 有人推荐，有人建议
It is proposed that... 有人提出
It was told that... 有人曾经说
It was first intended that... 最初就有这样的想法
It will be said that... 有人会说
It will be seen from this that... 由此可见，因此可知
It was noted above that... 前面已经指出
It must be admitted that... 必须承认，老实说
It has been illustrated that... 据图示，据说明
It is stressed that... 有人强调说
It can not be denied that... 无可否认
It can be said without exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张的说
It is sometimes asked that...人们有时会问
It was felt that... 有人认识到了
It is universally accepted that... 人们普遍认为
It is unanimously agreed that... 大家一致同意
It is alleged that... 据说
It is calculated that... 据计算
It has been proved that... 已经证明
It has been found that... 人们已经发现
It is still to be hoped that... 我们仍然希望
It is well-known that... 众所周知，大家都知道
It should be realized that... 我们应该认识到……
例 1
(09,46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging
and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
(09,46) It may be said //that the measure of the worth of any social institution is //its effect in
enlarging and improving experience; //but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect…
任何社会机构的价值的衡量是它的效果 good
衡量任何社会机构的价值是看它的效果 very good
衡量任何社会机构的价值的标准是看它的效果 best
effect in enlarging and improving experience
看它在扩大和提高经验方面效果
看它在丰富和完善经验方面的效果
看它在丰富和完善人生经验方面的效果
the measure of the worth of any social institution is //its effect in enlarging and improving experience：
衡量任何社会机构的价值的标准是看它在丰富和完善人生经验方面的效果
…………………………………………….所起的作用
例 2
(05,50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand,
divided we fall”
(05,50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, //it is no exaggeration to say //“United we stand,
divided we fall”.
dealing with a challenge 应对挑战
例 3
(00,72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists
and technologists of all kinds.
(00,72)Furthermore, it is obvious //that the strength of a country‘s economy is directly bound up
with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, //and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of
scientists and technologists of all kinds.
例 4
(07,49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features
of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
(07,49) In fact, it is difficult to see //how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic
features of the Canadian Constitution //can do a competent job on political stories.
see 明白
形式主语
1.可以当成词组，翻译到句子最开头，用“据…”，“有人…”,“…的是”等结构翻译。
2.可以先翻译后面部分，再加“这是…的”。这种结构最适合 It is +形容词+that 结构。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别
定语从句的引导词 that 或 which 在句子中用作主语或宾语，
同位语从句的引导词 that 只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。
I’ve got an answer that A is right.
I’ve got an answer that surprised me a lot.
I’ve got an answer that A is right. （同位语从句，that 不做成分）
I’ve got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定语从句，that 做定语从句的主语）
同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。
定语从句，理论上说可以对任何名词做修饰。
能接同位词从句的名词有：
belief（信仰），
fact，
idea，
doubt，
rumor（谣言），
evidence（证据），
conclusion（结论），
suggestion（建议），
problem，
order，
answer，
discovery（发 现）
explanation（解释），
principle（原则），
possibility（可能性），
truth，
promise（承诺），
report（报告），
statement（声明），
knowledge（知识），
opinion（观点），
likelihood（可能性）
翻译方法
1）把简单的同位语从句翻译到其修饰的词前面；
2）把复杂的翻译在后面，单独成句，可以增加“这样、所谓的、认为，即、那就是”等词
来作进一步解释，或者采用冒号、破折号等手段来解释。
同位语从句：例
(11,46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots
we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.
例 1
(04, 64)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that
the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
(0464)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,// Whorf developed the idea that
//the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
分词短语做状语的翻译
分词短语做状语，其逻辑主语应该是主干的主语；翻译的时候，可以把主干的主语增加到分
词短语前面。
例 2
(97, 74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,
extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
(97, 74)Arguing from the view that //humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,
//extremists of this kind think //that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
例 3
(07, 48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary
citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the
news media.
(07, 48) But the idea that //the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary
citizen //rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the
news media.
例 4
(10,48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve
the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless species.”
巩固翻译步骤
(03, 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective
brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly
important social science.
(02, 64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and
they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit
for his achievements.
如何修改译文：技巧巩固
例 1
(01,74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the
beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human
before the end of the next century.”
例 2
(08,46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing
him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in
reasoning and in his own observations.
短语作定语：分词短语
例 1
(00,75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems
arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern
means of transport.
例 2
(98, 73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne
instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
多重并列定语
(97, 72)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an
exchange of duties and entitlements.
例 3
(01,72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built
personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell[1]television, and digital age will have arrived.
例 4
(03,64)Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law,
custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
短语作定语：不定式短语
例 1
Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope
on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. (1994
年 74)
短语作定语：形容词短语
例 1
(99,74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical
work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
短语作定语：介词短语
例 1
（00,71）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence
the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
例 2
(06, 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in
as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
形式主语：
例 1
(09,46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging
and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
例 2
(05,50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand,
divided we fall”
例 3
(00, 72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists
and technologists of all kinds.
例 4
(07,49) In fact, it is difficult to see //how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic
features of the Canadian Constitution //can do a competent job on political stories.
同位语从句：
例 1
(04, 64)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that
the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
例 2
(97, 74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,
extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
例 3
(07, 48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary
citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the
new media.
例 4
(10,48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve
the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless species.”
倒装结构的翻译
常常恢复正常顺序后，直接翻译。
平衡倒装
强调倒装
(06,46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life
the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.
(05,46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed –and
perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent
events in Europe.
例 1
(98, 75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some
respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for
the better part of a decade that it is true.
(98, 75)Odd though it sounds, //cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence //of some
respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, //and many astrophysicists have been convinced for
the better part of a decade that it is true.
例 2
(09,47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still
was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
(09,47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, //and only more gradually still
was this effect considered //as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
(09, 47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,
=the by-product of the institution was noted only gradually.
机构的这一副产品只有逐渐的才能被注意到。
人们只有逐渐地才注意到了机构的这一副产品。
and only more gradually still was this effect considered //as a directive factor in the conduct of the
institution.
=this effect was considered as a directive factor only more gradually still…
这种作用只有更加缓慢得才被视为指导因素
人们把这种作用视为指导因素的过程则更加缓慢
插入结构
考查学生是否有能力理解并翻译复杂句子结构。
∣
主语 ∣ 谓语
主语 ∣ 插入语∣ 谓语
常常可以照英语原顺序翻译；但有时候，还可以翻译到整个句子最前面。
主语 ∣ 插入语 ∣ 谓语
(01,74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the
beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human
before the end of the next century.”
例 1
(03,65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is
an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
(03,65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,”// like the concept of “set” in mathematics,
//is an abstract concept //which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and
understanding.
例 2
(04,65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states
that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far[1]reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
(04,65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism //which, in its strongest form,
states //that language imprisons the mind, //and that the grammatical patterns in a language can
produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
常常可以照英语原顺序翻译；但有时候，还可以翻译到整个句子最前面。
强调结构的翻译
可以在翻译中增加“就是、正是、的确、确实、是”或者“到底、究竟”等词来加强语气。
That is the very textbook we used last term.
我们上学期使用的就是那本教材。
He did translate the novel.
他的确是翻译了那本小说。
It was Mr. Tang that gave Translation lectures about on line.
在网上教翻译课的正是唐老师。
(08,46)he opines ( 命 题 专 家 改 写 为 believes) that this very difficulty may have had the
compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus
enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.
比较结构:more than 系列
1）more than+数词
翻译为：多于…，….以上。
I have known him for more than twenty years.
我已经认识她二十多年了。
被动翻译
(2002, 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated /only a little more than a
hundred years ago, //and the selective role of the environment /in shaping and maintaining the
behavior of the individual / is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
2）more than+名词/动词
翻译为：不只是…，不仅仅。
Mr Li is more than a teacher.
前置，例 3
(2006, 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little
or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
3）more than+形容词/ 副词
翻译为：非常，极其，很。
Mr Li is more than kind to us.
4）more than+ can/could (超出能够的范围)
翻译为：…不能…。
That is more than I can understand.
5）no …more than…=not any more than….
Mary is not more beautiful than Han Meimei.
玛丽不如韩梅梅漂亮。
Mary is no more beautiful than Han Meimei.
玛丽和韩梅梅都不漂亮（一样丑）。
no …more than…=not any more than….
表示对两者都否定，可以翻译为：…和….一样不，不…正如…不… 。
His grammar is no better than mine.
他的语法同我的一样不好。
He is no more a writer than a painter.
他既不是画家也不是作家。
I am no more a poet than he is a scholar.
我不是诗人，正如他不是学者一样。
(06,49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any
more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct
in business.
(06,49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, //which governs his activity, //any
more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies //to an exploration of rules of conduct
in business.
比较结构: As 系列
1）as…as…
My parcel is as heavy as yours.
我的包裹和你的包裹一样重。
She is as much interested in music as ever.
她和以前一样对音乐感兴趣。
(99,71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice
most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant
events of the past.
(99,71) While there are almost as many definitions of history //as there are historians, //modern
practice most closely conforms to one //that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the
significant events of the past.
2）not so…as…
翻译为：不象…一样…，不如…一样
Reading is not so difficult as translation.
(09, 48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their
disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
(09, 48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them //the effect of our acts upon their
disposition, //it is not so easy //as in dealing with adults.
3）not so much…as…
翻译为：与其说…不如说…
He was not so much angry as disappointed.
他与其说是生气，还不如说是失望了。
not so much A as B：与其说 A，不如说 B
(94, 71)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius
as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
(94, 71)Science moves forward, they say, //not so much through the insights of great men of genius
//as because of more ordinary things //like improved techniques and tools.
否定结构的翻译
(06, 50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little
or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
(97, 74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect
extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
1.部分否定
所谓部分否定，是指代词或者副词如 all, both, every, every-, many, entirely, altogether, absolutely,
wholly, completely 等与否定词 not 搭配使用。翻译为“并非所有、并不是都”。
All that glitters is not gold.
并非所有发光的都是金子。
Both the windows are not open.
两扇窗户并不都是开着的。
Everybody does not believe the rumor.
并不是每个人都听信这个谣言的。
2.全部否定
构成全部否定的单词和词组主要有以下这些：never，no，not，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere，
neither（两者都不），nor（也没有，也不），not at all （一点也不）。
He is no professor.
他根本不是教授。
None of my friends smoke.
我的朋友都不抽烟。
Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today.
我们伟大的祖国从来没有像今天这样繁荣昌盛。
正确区分部分否定与全部否定：
I don’t know anything about her.（一无所知）
I don’t know everything about her.（并不全知道）
None of the answers are right.（都不正确）
All the answers are not right. （并非都正确）
I don’t know any of them.（全不认识）
I don’t know all of them.（并非都认识）
3.双重否定
双重否定是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词。翻译时候，1）可以直接用汉语双重否定，2）
也可以直接翻译为肯定句。
常见的双重否定形式主要有
no…not，no (not)…without，no……but，
cannot but + v，
cannot help + v-ing，禁不住
without doubt，不用怀疑
without exception，毫无例外
nothing less but（正是），
none but （除…外，别无)，
no one but （除了…外，没有别人），
Not…any but…（只不过，仅仅）
have no alternative/choice but to do （除……别无选择），
There is no doubt that…，
毫无疑问
There is no denying that…，无可否认的是
There is no question that……可以肯定
Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.
现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人。（用汉语的双重否定翻译）
现在所有的宇宙飞船都可以载人。（用汉语的肯定结构翻译）
(06, 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of
moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of
those problems.
(06, 48) I have excluded him because, //while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution
of moral problems, //he has not been charged with the task //of approaching any but the factual
aspects of those problems.
4.否定转移
是指英语句子的否定形式（not）在前面主句或者主干的谓语动词上，而否定的信息焦点却是在后面的修饰语或者从句上。翻译的时候，要把前面的主句或者主干直接翻译成肯定，进而否定后面的修饰语或者从句。
1）主句或者主干谓语动词是“否定词+think, believe, accpet, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine,
anticipate, figure 等词”其实是表达“观点、信念、猜测”，基本含义是“认为…不…”。
I don’t think we’ve met before.
(08, 48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics
that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
(08, 48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded //the charge made by some of his
critics that,// while he was a good observer, //he had no power of reasoning.
He did not accept the charge as well-founded.他认为职责毫无根据。
(06,46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life
the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.
2）注意 not…because…的结构：并不是因为…才…
I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.
5.需要注意一些具有否定意义的词：
The specification lacks detail.
这份说明书不够详尽。
The error in calculation escaped the accountant.
会计没有注意到这个计算上的错误。
The newspaper accounts are far from being true.
报纸的报道远非事实。
Her beauty is beyond compare.
她的美丽是无以伦比的。
He is anything but a scholar.
他绝对不是一个学者。
There is nothing unusual there
那里的一切都很正常。
1.单词 (5 分词汇)
aspect
expect
respect
represent
presentation
repress
express
impress
evolution
revolution
invention
creation
invest
investigation
involve
revolve
resolve
2.结构和顺序 (7 分以上)
(2003, 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and
their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural
scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
1）断句点在何处？
2）断句点上下关系如何？
A.是什么修饰？
B.修饰语的起和止？
C.修饰谁？
3）翻译中的先后顺序如何？
4）看着英语，指着英语单词，说汉语。
5）默写英语。
复习策略：
1.整理前面所有学过的句子，复习——看英语，说汉语。
2.把 1997 年到 2010 年，剩下的句子扫干净，每天一个句子。
3.冲刺阶段：完成 2011 年——至今的句子，模考。
努力，努力的人最让人感动！
坚持，坚持的人一定能成功！
本文作者： 永生
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